Levitt 1983 standardisation

Theodore Levitt, né le 1 er mars 1925 en Allemagne et mort le 28 juin 2006 à Belmont dans le Massachusetts, est un économiste américain, éditeur pendant quatre ans de la Harvard Business Review et professeur de marketing à la Harvard Business School. Il est l'auteur de nombreux articles sur le marketing et le management dont le célèbre « Marketing myopia » et d'une dizaine de livres. La standardisation est une stratégie de marketing international consistant pour une entreprise à proposer un produit aux caractéristiques identiques aux différents segments de consommateurs, pour répondre à des besoins homogènes (Levitt, 1983). Cette stratégie permet des économies d'échelle Levitt (1983) states that the Global competitor will seek constantly to standardize his offering everywhere He will never assume that the customer is a king who knows his own wishes. However, standardisation should not be looked at from only the point of the marketing mix but also the management of an organisation Les compétiteurs globaux chercheront la standardisation à tout prix, et s'ils doivent y renoncer pour un temps pour une raison ou une autre, ils chercheront toujours à y retourner (Levitt, 1983). Standardisation : exemples de succès. IKEA est le premier distributeur mondial de meubles et d'accessoires pour la maison. Quand l.

Theodore Levitt — Wikipédi

Products Are More Standardized; Levitt Is Vindicated for Consumer Goods C ompared to 1973, product standardization in 1983 was generally up. Levitt is partic- ularly vindicated here because half or more of the respondents adapted only up to 25 percent of their U.S. prod- ucts to the EEC in 1983, and full ad- aptation is clearly low encouraged global companies and brands to sell uniform products and services the same way in every market worldwide (Levitt, 1983, 1984). Levitt argued that companies that embrace the standardised approach would achieve for themselves, profits and vastly expanded markets Standardisation might be beneficial for international operations because it offers the potential to standardise global operations: The global corporation operates with resolute constancy - at low relative cost - as if the entire world (or major regions of it) were a single entity; it sells the same things in the same way everywhere (Levitt 1983, pp. 92-93)

In Theodore Levitt's article from 1983, where he discusses the globalization of markets and the standardization of products and production processes, Levitt stated, Only global companies will achieve long-term success by concentrating on what everyone wants rather than worrying about the details of what everyone thinks they like (Levitt, 1983) According to Levitt (1983) and Ohmae (1989) standardisation refers to where firms operating at the global level attempt to standardize their products and communications to all markets within which they operate around the world Theodore Levitt's 1983 article called about the globalization of markets is one of the most read article till date on the subject. Although, there is much debate about the relevancy of article in today\'s times but even today it is one of the must read articles at the Harvard Business Classes La pizza, bien que citée par Levitt (1983) en tant que produit standardisé, est un très bon exemple des besoins d'adaptation

Les caractéristiques de la standardisation - Cours

1. However, the standardized marketing strategy approach can also lead to suboptimal performance when it is not well-suited to the host market (Jain, 1989;Levitt, 1983;Yip, 2003)
2. This paper argues that meanings given to standardization and globalization might have created some confusion and precipitated potentially misleading research results in the literature. The paper discusses the basic assumptions underlying the marketing function as a necessary point of departure to build a sounder theory around these concepts
3. The globalisation of markets theodore levitt 1983. School Florida Coastal School of Law; Course Title CS 2; Uploaded By 350319593q. Pages 17 This preview shows page 5 - 8 out of 17 pages. The 'globalisation' of markets Theodore Levitt (1983): Homogenisation of demand or standardisation of products.
4. literature is the degree of standardisation and\or adaptation of marketing activities, either employed by a company (e.g., Baek, 2004; Levitt, 1983; Theodosiou and Leonidou, 2003, Szymanski et al., 1993; Lim et al., 2006), or experienced by a consumer (e.g., De Mooij, 2004, 2005; De Mooij and Hofstede, 2002). This discussion has not, however, penetrated the field of retailing to the same.
5. In The Globalization of Markets, Theodore Levitt proposed that firms must adopt a homogenised approach to marketing in order to succeed in the international market. Discuss this view, drawing on relevant organisations/products in order to support your points. Theodore Levitt’s The Globalization of Markets, published in 1983, is considered in retrospect to be flawed

This inquiry is mostly debated and discussed in the academic selling literature with subscribers like Levitt, Usunier and Kotler. This paper starts out with an debut to Theordore Levitt - the most extremist of the advocates of standardisation believing - and his debate for standardisation based on his 1983 article The globalisation of markets ( Levitt 1983 ) . Subsequently a. Papavassiliou and Stathakopoulos (1997) and Levitt (1983, 1986) offer four main reasons for such benefits: (a) standardization allows the corporation to preserve a consistent image and identity throughout the world; (b) it reduces uncertainty among buyers who travel frequently; (c) it allows the company to develop a single advertising campaign for different markets; and (d) it results in. In the International Marketing field, the debate of standardisation as against adaptation has been significantly researched in the past and is still a highly debatable issue. This debate commenced in 1961 as indicated by Vignali and Vrontis, (1999). Initially this debate mainly focussed on international standardisation with regards to advertising. However, recently, this debate has been. The topic has also been examined by Levitt (1983) in his seminal contribution on standardization, in which he advocates a complete standardization of all activities on account of rapid. De façon encore plus explicite, Theodore Levitt parlait, dès 1983, de « globalisation des marchés » en publiant un ouvrage portant ce titre (Levitt, 1983). L'ouvrage d'Ohmae sur la Triade en 1985 popularisait la notion de mondialisation polarisée (Ohmae, 1985)

Levitt and Standardisation - Term Pape

1. (Levitt: 1983) on the other hand has the view that the world's needs and desires have been irrevocably homogenized thus making the multi national corporations obsolete and the global corporate obsolete. Also the benefits of standardization are significant and give it ought to be given an upper priority. Some of the major benefits of standardization aspect have been brought out which include.
2. (Levitt, 1983; Douglas and Craig, 1986; Yip, Loewe and Yoshino, 1988). Advocates of the adaptation strategy argue that variation between countries in such dimensions as consumer needs, use conditions, purchasing power, commercial infrastructure, culture and traditions, laws and regulations, and technological development are still too great, thus requiring the adjustment of firms´ marketing.
3. The first separation among global standardisation or global dealinging and interdiplomatic moderateion in interdiplomatic dealinging government is orientation. Standardisation restraintms the caconservation of global dealinging government which visions the earth as a only dealing where as on the other laborer interdiplomatic dealinging government is guided by an utilityous dealinging.
4. Time For Advancement: A Framework For Standardisation Of International Advertising Strategy Sandra Luxton, Monash University Abstract Despite a steady stream of international advertising literature, there is still much uncertainty and debate over standardisation, with a reported lack of clarity over what it means (Ryans, 1969; Levitt, 1983; Kernan and Domzal, 1993; Wills et al., 1991; Harvey.
5. The concept of standardisation was mainly influenced by the Professor Theodore Levitt (1983) with its Harvard Business Review article The Globalization of the Markets which caused since its publication a great debate about this topic. In the further section, the main ideas of his concept will be analysed critically. 2.1 The Standardisation concept by Levitt. The theorist Levitt (1983.
6. Une standardisation des programmes et actions marketing concernant plusieurs marchés nationaux. Le terme « marketing global » s'oppose ainsi à « marketing local » qui signifie des programmes marketing et des actions marketing adaptés à l'environnement national de chaque marché. Le débat entre marketing global et marketing local a lieu depuis les années 1960. En 1983, un article.

Levitt (1983) provided the most compelling case for international marketing standardization. He argued that advanced technology in communication and transportation has homogenized markets around the globe. As a result, global consumers have emerged who demand high-quality products at low prices. These changes in the global marketplace have led to changes in the competitive dynamics between. Levitt ( 1983 ) proposed this standardisation of merchandise worldwide to be one of a cardinal success factor for houses when traveling planetary. On the other manus research workers besides claim that standardisation is an simplism which is non efficaciously operative and true for marketing constructs ( Douglas and Craig 1986 ; Douglas and Wind 1987 ) . These and many other researches bought.

Les avantages de la standardisation - Cours marketingCours

Some researchers support the international standardization approach argue same marketing strategy, and international markets should use a standardisation marketing mix for reduce total costs and promote a global enterprise image. The companies should use a single entity selling the same items everywhere in the same way (Levitt,1983). On the. The first method under question is the standardization standpoint (suggested by Jain, 1989; Levitt, 1983). The adherents of standardization think that all cultures are somehow united and their environmental and customer demand is alike. They believe that trade barriers are becoming less impedimental and technological advancements and companies are geared towards the global orientation in their.

Standardization in international marketing: Is Ted Levitt

• a in genesis. There bear been close critiques of this lie, with other academics arguing that results bear to be amalgamateed to extremeical.
• Ever since Levitt's (1983) controversial article on the globalization of markets, there has been a standing discussion on which degree of standardisation versus adaptation of marketing parameters is appropriate under which circumstances (e.g., Jain 1989; Samiee and Roth 1992; Wind 1986). Levitt's forceful argument was that, driven by developments in technology and mass communication.
• a in cemation. There accept been bulky critiques of this pose, with other academics arguing that results accept to be moderateed to persomal provisions.
• Standardisation thus refers to how and if marketing activities relating to product, price, place and promotion are adapted across the countries or markets in which a company operates. One of the best known advocates of strategy standardisation, Levitt (1983), argues
• literature until 1983, when Theodore Levitt published the article The Globalization of Markets. Undoubtedly, the article set the direction for the standardisation discourse for years to come in international marketing. Today, twenty years later, Levitt's notion of homogenisation of taste i
• localisation was popularised by Levitt (1983), standardisation of international advertising strategy was brought up two decades earlier by Elinder (1961). Advertising standardisation versus localisation debate has received more attention from global marketing researchers over the past half-century, particularly from the 1960s than any other element of the marketing mix (Ford et al., 2011.

Standardisation versus Adaptation as an International

1. International Advertising Standardisation: The Mercosur case Fernando Fastoso, Jeryl Whitelock University of Bradford School of Management Abstract This paper presents a study of international advertising standardisation practices in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, the Mercosur member countries. It is the first in its field to address local managers in Latin America with a self.
2. Thus, this can set up undesirable responses on the part of the consumers, as it does not represent their own interest; this may make the firm not to compete effectively in the international market (Levitt 1983). Further, there is an inadequate motivation for local bureaus. This is because of inadequate communication between the personnel in the company or the agencies and the consumers
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Standardisation vs. Differentiation - Strategic ..

1. The main argument in favor of standardization was proposed by Levitt (1983) who argued that the forces of globalization driven by technology were homogenizing markets and that marketers needed to take advantage of this trend by following a standardized marketing strategy. Ohmae (1985) focusing primarily on the Triad market consisting of the USA, Japan, and Europe suggested that these.
2. The total standardisation advocated by Levitt (1983) suggests that, as consumer needs become increasingly homogeneous worldwide, global firms will seek, sensibly, to force suitable standardised product* and practices on these homogeneous markets and. in contrast with multidomestic firms which adapt to local conditions, will thereby win economies of scale in production and marketing and thus.
3. such standardisation (Levitt 1983, Kotier 1985, Quelch & Hoff 1986, Douglas & Wind 1987). However, little emphasis has been placed upon the issue of whether service concepts such as retaihng, can be transferred across national boundaries, and if they can, how this is put into practice. This question of Services needs to be addressed as the significance of its contribution to GDP continues to.
4. Levitt explains, because of globalization, how the world is moving from the Era of Multinational Corporations to the Era of Global Corporations as the needs and wants of the worldwide customers are getting more and more homogeneous (Levitt, 1983) and they demand for more standardized products in terms of quality and price (Levitt, 1999). According to Theodore Levitt the companies who focus on.

The importance of Standardization in International marketin

• al article 'globalisation of the markets' states that standardisation of products of is an inevitability due to the increase in technological developments that is driving a commonality between consumers from all cultures. Gone are accustomed differences in national or regional preference if the price is low enough they will take highly standardised world.
• Manufactures: Rationalize different varieties of products. Decrease the volume of products in the store and also the manufacturer cost. Improve the management and design
• 1975; Levitt, 1983; Jain, 1989; Cavusgil, Zou and Naidu, 1993; Theodosiou and Leonidou, 2003; Gerpott and Jakopin, 2005). The literature cites the importance of this area of research (Levitt, 1983; Jain, 1989; Walters, 1986; Whitelock, 1987; O'Cass and Julian, 2003; Theodosiou and Leonidou, 2003). The term marketing programme refers to various aspects of the marketing mix (product, price.

McDonald's Standardisation of Products - UK Essay

INTERNATIONAL MARKETING PROGRAMME STANDARDISATION OF UK COMPANIES IN THE GULF. A Thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Ph.D. in the Faculty of Business Administration. March 1996 . ABSTRAC Global versus general dispenseing diplomacy accept been a superior discuss in cross-general vocation crop counteract decades ce global stigmas (Levitt, 1983; Solber, 2002). The offspring here is if the companies should succeed a bannerized dispenseing program to contrariant consumer groups in contrariant countries or a customised individual by adapting their diplomacy according to the call. Levitt has written various articles concerning globalisation and his views have been embraced by very many business managers. Various debates have been carried out concerning the adaptation of international marketing strategy. Analysis of Levitt work on globalisation of markets and Zou's standardisation of international marketing reveals various similarities and also differences. A look at. Levitt's real focus was not on brands (in fact, he didn't mention the term global brand once throughout his entire essay) but on how technologies connect with human needs, and how this affects organisations and markets. Technology, he said, is driving the world to single converging commonality. No matter what race, religion or culture they come from, people are embracing the. standardisation, Levitt (1983), argues: The modern global corporation contrasts powerfully with the aging multinational corporation. Instead of adapting to superficial and even entrenched differences withering and between nations, it will seek sensibly to force suitably standardized products and practices on the entire globe (pp 65) Levitt argues his case in broad terms. No products or.

Levitt Theodore. (1983) The Globalization of Markets. Harvard Business Review. ­ Lentschener Philippe. (28/06/2013) Mission Marque France, Acte I ­ La consultation Direction générale des. Theodore Levitt The worldwide success of a growing list of products that have become household names is evidence that consumers the world over, despite deep-rooted cultural differences, are becoming more and more alike - or, as the author puts it, homogenized. In consequence, he contends, the traditional MNC's strategy of tailoring its products to the needs of multiple markets may put it at. Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review, 61 (May-June), 92 - 102. Google Scholar. Levitt, Theodore (1988), The Pluralization of Consumption, Harvard Business Review, 66 (May-June), 7 - 8. Google Scholar. Lipman, Joanne (1988), Marketers Turn Sour on Global Sales Pitch Harvard Guru Makes, Wall Street Journal (May 12), 1. Google.

Although standardisation tendencies appear to prevail, local adaptation is also relevant because national conditions and regulations still differ, as reflected in cooperation (and merger-and-acquisition activities) with local partners and in the traditional independence of member firms. Secondly, similar contradictory forces . 5 can be seen in the area of sustainability, where there are global. Adaptation ou standardisation des produits: Débat clé en Marketing International- Thèse de Levitt (1983) sur la globalisation des marchés => Standardiser autant que possible (et beaucoup peut être fait!)- Autour d'une offre de base pour un produit standard à travers le monde, des entreprises globales comme Coca-Cola ou McDonald's procèdent à des adaptations, si nécessaire

1989; Levitt 1983; and Takeuchi and Porter 1986). Market similarities on these dimensions hold constant the factors that could moderate the relationship between strategic lev-ers/industry drivers and firm performance. If this perspec-tive is correct, then comparing the economic, political, and cultural characteristics of the U.S., U.K., Canadian, and Western European markets could provide. retentissant de Levitt (1983), la globalisation est loin davoir uniformisé les marchés. Linternationalisation des échanges connaît une évolution souvent contrariée par diverses forces contradictoires. Certains auteurs parlent dailleurs à son sujet de victoires et de déboires (Bairoch, 1997), d'heurs et de malheurs (Sur, 2006) Cette situation résulte de lenchevêtrement complexe.

The Globalization Of Markets Critical Revie

The proponents of the standardisation approach argue that standardising advertising can help maintain a uniform global strategy and image of the firm, maximise the firm's cost advantage and meet a universal need of people across the world (Roostal 1963; Levitt 1983; Johansson & Thorelli 1985; Jain 1989; Peebles 1989; Tip 1995; Solberg 2002). The adaptation approach, on the other hand, contends. Supporters of global standardisation such as Levitt (1983) argue that a corporation should operate as a single entity selling the same items everywhere in the same way. They believe the world is becoming increasingly homogenised in its consumer requirements and that the force driving this process is technology, which has facilitated communication, information capital, transport, and travel. Ever since Levitt's (1983) controversial article on the globalization of markets, there has been a standing discussion on which degree of standardisation versus adaptation of marketing parameters is appropriate under which circumstances (e.g., Jain 1989; Samiee and Roth 1992; Wind 1986). Levitt's forceful argument was that, driven by developments in technology and mass communication, consumers.

Stratégie marketing international - Facteurs externes

m1 marketing international partiel qcm ou points il une seule réponse possible il aura des repense nuancer donc bien connaitre le cours etude de cas au nivea As an example, Levitt (1983) is admirably exact: a successful globål marketing strategy consists of hav- ing a common brand name, packaging and communications. But this very nar- row definition, along with its optimistic claims, needlessly allows the proponents to be easily discredited because there is an abundance of marketing instances which invalidate the tenets of standardization. In.

(PDF) Standardization of international marketing strategy

• Evolution du marketing. local, pour une plus grande efficacité de marketing par une meilleure rencontre entre les besoins spécifiques locaux et une configuration plus ou moins sur mesure. Alors que l'inventeur principal de la mondialisation des processus de gestion, Theodore Levitt, avait tablé (en 1983) sur une standardisation à outrance, il semble bien que le local relègue au second.
• View Chapter #8, Part #2 Standardization vs. Customization.pdf from MKTG 310 at Ramapo College Of New Jersey. Chapter 8 Standardization vs. Customization Standardisation vs. Customization Th
• رسالة الدكتوراة في التسوي�

Standardization vs globalization: a new perspective of

En 1983, Theodore Levitt écrivit avec lucidité : La société globale opère avec constance et résolution, à des coûts relativement bas, comme si le monde entier, ou les principales régions constituaient une entité unique. Elle vend la même chose, de la même manière, partout. Partout donc les mêmes objets, les mêmes services, mais aussi les mêmes produits culturels : une vision. En 1983, Théodore Levitt prédisait dans un article de la Harvard Business Review The Globalization of markets un monde « dans lequel les préférences culturelles et goûts nationaux disparaîtraient ». Bref une globalisation 100 % standardisatrice, où il ne serait même plus nécessaire de traduire les publicités dans une autre langue que l'anglais Il faut dire que les éminents. Globalisation and standardised products - Fatma Torun - Seminararbeit - BWL - Offline-Marketing und Online-Marketing - Publizieren Sie Ihre Hausarbeiten, Referate, Essays, Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbei De façon encore plus explicite, Theodore Levitt parlait, dès 1983, de « globalisation des marchés » en publiant un ouvrage portant ce titre (Levitt, 1983). L'ouvrage d'Ohmae sur la Triade en 1985 popularisait la notion de mondialisation polarisée (Ohmae, 1985). Cet auteur, dans un livre paru quelques années plus tard parlait de « monde sans . Montre plus Domus 1995 mots | 8 pages.

The globalisation of markets Theodore Levitt 1983

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• Standardisation. Early modern period. OED. Borrowings. The need to impose order. An era of great change for English. The number of words available to speakers more than doubled be Many borrowings from Latin and Greek after the renaissance. Standardisation. The need to impose order. Early modern period. An era of great change for English. 7 terms. sriella16. standardisation. causes of.
• ates the literature on international marketing is the question of standardisation and adaptation of marketing activities from a company point of view (e.g., Baek, 2006; Levitt, 1983; Theodosiou & Leonidou, 2003, Szymanski& Bharadwaj, 1993; Lim, Acito & Rusetski, 2003) or from a consumption point of view (e.g., de Mooij, 2004; de Mooij & Hofstede, 2002). The discussion has not.
• Réactualisée dans les années 80 par l'économiste américain Théodore Levitt (1983), transnationale4 apparaît comme « le résultat d'une négociation entre les instances économiques visant à la standardisation et des tendances à la diversification entraînées par les spécificités socioculturelles propres à chaque contexte national » (De Iulio, 2003). 2 La plupart de ces.

• Learn standardisation with free interactive flashcards. Choose from 204 different sets of standardisation flashcards on Quizlet
• Theodore Levitt wrote an article titled as 'Globalization of Markets' in 1983. In the article, Levitt envisioned a homogenized global market, meaning a global community where standardized, high quality world product would be marketed in a standardized manner. He stated that: the result is a new commercial reality—the emergence of global markets for standardized consumer.
• Basically, the standardization vs. adaptation debate centers on whether firms operating at an international or global level should standardize their marketing strategies and programs to offer an essentially uniform marketing mix in all of the markets within which they operate around the world (Levitt 1983, Ohmae 1989, Yip 1996, Backhaus and van Doorn 2007). Or, whether the marketing mix should.
• Keywords: adaptation versus standardisation; western textbooks; MENA business schools; multinational publishers. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Fantazy, K. an
• Standardisation. internet. They posit that such a strategy can offer a number of benefits: a) significant economies of scale in all value-adding activities, particularly in research and development, production, and marketing; b) the presentation of a consistent corporate/brand image across countries, especially in light of the increasing consumer mobility around the world; c) reduced.

advertising and promotion (Levitt, 1983; Boddewyn et al., 1986; Kotler, 1986; Wind, 1986; Laroche et al., 2001; Cavusgil and Zou, 1994; Agarwal, 1995; Solberg, 2000). Buzzell (1968) started the formal research on this topic. Another concept is emerged which argues that firm should design and implement their marketing strategies according to the requirements of market they are planning to move. Through his seminal text in the Harvard Business Review, Levitt (1983) popularised the extremist theory of standardisation expressing that the world is converging into the emergence of a single homogenous consumer with increased similarities leading to a standardised institution of trade, manufacturing and product offering. The substantiality of this oft quoted theory has been countered by. However, Andrus, (1991), when investigating the effect of the foreign involvement on the standardisation of marketing mix elements, identified that highly involved international firms will move toward standardisation for the majority of their product marketing strategies, but not for other elements of the marketing mix. Conversely, Hill and Still (1984), Wind (1986), O'Donnell et al, (2000. Split into four parts, this essay will first outline the current theories, including scholars fighting the Standardisation-Adaptation battle, Levitt (1983) and Douglas (1997). Kotler (2004) focuses on innovation, because, as Oshry (1999) argues, societies shift and oscillate as systems, suggesting that a fixed strategy, of either adaptation or standardisation, would likely be rendered useless. According to Levitt (1983), the binding force driving the world today is technology. And because of technology, and the resulting cross-cultural communication and interaction, the needs and wants of people the world over have become homogenized. The result of appropriate and well-executed globalization strategy can be an upward spiraling of market share, leading to an ability to generate even.

des consommateurs (Levitt 1983). La stratégie locale et globale, dans leur forme pure, ne sont en effet pas fréquemment appliquées (De Mooij 2005 : 32). Diverses études (Papavassiliou & Stathakopoulos 1997 ; Hsieh & Lindridge 2005 ; Luo & Shenkar 2006 ; Ghantous 2008) indiquent que le choix entre la standardisation et l'adaptation n'est pas un choix dichotomique mais qu'il est. Studylib. Les documents Flashcards. S'identifie These are the sources and citations used to research Marketing. This bibliography was generated on Cite This For Me on Friday, December 1, 201 Levitt (1983) asserts that multinational firms that concentrated on idiosyncratic consumer preferences have become befuddled and unable to take in the forest because of the trees. Vrontis and Thrassou (2007, p. 8) argue, for a multinational company to be successful it should incorporate ingredients of both strategies, adaptation and standardization. These authors (2007) also affirm. standardisation of products and services in different markets. Extensive evidence of integrating appropriate application of theory, and/or empirical results where applicable; Theodore Levitt wrote an article titled as 'Globalization of Markets' in 1983. In the article, Levitt envisioned a homogenized global market, meaning a global community where standardized, high quality world.

global marketing week introduction to global marketing global marketing: marketing for international market how to change the marketing, introduce the produc Since the 1980's, technology drives the convergence of the global consumer markets (Levitt, 1983). The premise that differences between markets are fading out, challenges management to develop strategies to market products under global brands on local, regional, national and international market levels. The globalisation lead to the product standardisation strategy which was heavily relied. Levitt (1983) argues that companies that are managed well have moved away from customizing items to offering globally standardized products that are advanced, functional, reliable and low priced. According to him, companies can achieve long-term success by concentrating on what everyone wants rather than worrying about the particulars of what everyone thinks they might like. On the contrary.

(Levitt, 1983; Ohmae, 1985). They believe that the selection of such a strategy is advantageous to the companies in the following respects: a) Economy of scale in all operations with value added results, especially in R & D, production and marketing departments b) Creation of unique and persistent trade name in all around the world especially regarding the growing customers and consumers. Levitt ( 1983 ) who pioneered this argument argued that Companies had to larn to run as if the universe were one big market disregarding superficial regional and national boundaries. He farther asserted that good managed companies had to travel from custom-making merchandises to offering globally standardized merchandises that advanced, functional, dependable and low priced in order to last. Levitt (1983) considers that the economies of scale and scope that a global brand must seek in its standardization process can finally be achieved because of the convergence of consumers across markets. Thus, he builds on consumers' culture and uses it as the main argument for brand standardization. According to Levitt (1983), technology is the most powerful determinant of human preferences. Buy a cheap copy of Ted Levitt on Marketing book by Theodore Levitt. Ted Levitt is one of the most widely respected thinkers in the field of marketing and management. His work and writings have changed the way scores of companies... Free shipping over $10 In 1983, Theodore Levitt published a provocative Harvard Business Review article entitled The Globalization of Markets, in which he stated that a new global market, based on uniform products and services, had emerged. He asserted that large scale companies have stopped emphasizing on the customization of their offers to providing globally standardized products that are advanced.

Dating back to Elinder (1961) and kindled by Levitt (1983), questions of international standardization and adaptation of marketing, particularly that of marketing strategies, have been discussed for.. INTRODUCTION Dans le champ de la sociologie du sport, il est devenu banal de constater l'extrême diversité des pratiques sportives. Les discours et enquêtes sociologiques confirment cette tendance lourde (Pociello, 1990), et conduisent à la mise en œuvre d'une gestion locale et ciblée des phénomènes sportifs. Dans le secteur public, les politiques sportives sont de moins en moins. D'un point de vue marketing, la globalisation signifie que l'entreprise peut obtenir par un marketing global des résultats plus satisfaisants que si cette entreprise se limitait à une approche simplement multi-nationale. Les perspectives d'un marketing global sont donc liées à celles de la globalisation des marchés, c'est-à-dire à leur mondialisation